Cortical gray matter volume

The cerebral cortex supports high level brain functions such as thinking, perception, language, and consciousness. Gray matter volume typically peaks in early adulthood and gradually declines with age. Accelerated loss below optimal levels may act as an early warning sign of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimers or frontotemporal dementia. Lifestyle factors including regular physical exercise, mental stimulation, healthy diet, good sleep, and social engagement are associated with better cortical preservation.